Chandipura Virus: A Detailed Overview of Symptoms, Spread, and Prevention

Chandipura Virus (CHPV) is a member of Vesiculovirus genus of Rhabdoviridae family known to cause sporadic cases, especially during the monsoon season. The Rhabdoviridae family also includes Rabies Viruses.

• It is transmitted by vectors such as Phlebotomine Sandflies and Ticks.
• The disease affects mostly children under 15 years of age and can be present with a febrile
• This virus is named after the town of Chandipura in Maharashtra where it was first identified in 1965.

In recent years, Chandipura virus outbreaks have been a serious concern in India:

• 2003: In Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, 329 children tested positive for the virus, with 189 fatalities.
• 2009: 52 cases were reported, resulting in 15 deaths.
• 2010: 50 cases were confirmed, leading to 16 deaths,
• 2010 (Gujarat): An outbreak in Kheda, Vadodara and Panchmahal districts claimed 17 Deaths.
• 2014 and 2016: Sporadic cases were reported in Gujarat including fatalities in Ahmedabad.
• 2019: A death was recorded in Bhayli village, Vadodara.
• 2024 (July): Suspected outbreak in Sabarkantha District, Gujarat, particularly affecting children, has raised significant public health concerns.

Chandipura Virus Spread & Transmission

• Mosquito Bites: It is Primarily transmitted by through mosquito bites, as mosquitoes carry and spread the virus.
• Animal Reservoirs: Wildlife such as bats or rodents, may act as reservoirs for the virus, potentially contributing to its spread.
• Direct Contact: Transmission can also occur through direct contact with infected bodily fluids, though this is not common.
• Contaminated Water: Rarely the virus may spread through water sources which are contaminated with the virus.
• Environmental Factors: Standing water and poor sanitation can increase mosquito breeding sites, increasing the risk of virus transmission.

Chandipura Virus Symptom

• Fever: A high fever above 102°F is often the first sign of Chandipura virus infection, typically starting suddenly and is quite intense.
• Headache: Severe throbbing or persistent headaches may accompany the fever.
• Encephalitis: This virus can cause inflammation of the brain, leading to confusion, drowsiness, or severe neurological symptoms.
• Vomiting: Frequent vomiting and Diarrhoea, which can exacerbate dehydration and discomfort.
• Seizures: In more severe cases, convulsions or seizures might occur, indicating a serious level of infection.
• Others: Delirium in 24 to 48 hours. Malfunction of internal organs such as liver.

Chandipura Virus Diagnosis & Tests

• Clinical Assessment: A thorough evaluation of symptoms such as fever and neurological signs helps in initial diagnosis.
• Laboratory Tests: Specific tests, including RT-PCR, are essential to confirm the presence of Chandipura virus.
• Virus Identification: Molecular diagnostics like CHPV-specific one-step RT-PCR detect virus presence in CSF and sera during acute illness phases, showing high specificity and sensitivity.
• Serological Analysis: Serological assays, such as IgM capture ELISA and micro-neutralization ELISA, detect antibodies effectively

Chandipura Virus Preventive Measures

• Mosquito Control: Implement measures to reduce mosquito populations such as using insect repellents and eliminating standing water.
• Protective Clothing: Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants to minimize mosquito bites, especially in endemic areas.
• Vaccination: While there is no specific vaccine for Chandipura virus
• Improved Sanitation: Maintain clean environments and proper waste disposal to reduce mosquito breeding sites.
• Public Awareness: Educate communities about the risks and prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of Chandipura virus.